Volume II (Second Edition) : Atlas of EMG Waveforms
Chapter 1: Instrumentation

The Instruments: Analog to Digital	Model M2 Electromyograph	Model JM
	Oxford Synergy N2	Block Diagram
	Signal Analysis on Digital Electromyograph
Electrodes	Concentric Needle Construction	Concentric Needle Recording
	Monopolar Needle Construction	Monopolar Needle Recording
Cables	Leads and Cables	Minimising Ambient Noise
Amplifer	Principle of Differential Amplification	How Noise is Attenuated
	Common Mode Rejection Ratio	Improving Signal/Noise Ratio
Filters	Principle of Filters	Signal and Noise
	Low Frequency and Insertional Activity	Low Frequency and Motor Unit Potential
	High Frequency and Motor Unit Potential
Analog to Digital Conversion	From Analog to Digital	Theory and Theorems
Aliasing	When Sampling Rate is Low	Aliasing in EMG
	Spontaneous Activity	Technology or Pathology
Trigger and Delay Line	Amplitude Trigger	Assessing Motor Unit Potential
Averager	Averaging Motor Unit Potential	Noise Reduction with Averaging
Manual Measurements	Amplitude	Duration
	Firing Rate <10 Hz	Firing Rate =10 Hz
	Firing Rate >10 Hz	Firing Rate =20 Hz
Electrical Safety	Unsafe Operation	Safe Operation